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</table></div><div></div></div></div></div><div class="t-navbar-sep"> </div><div class="t-navbar-head"><strong class="selflink">初始化</strong><div class="t-navbar-menu"><div><div style="display:inline-block">
<div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="line-height:1.1em">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="initialization.html#.E6.98.BE.E5.BC.8F.E5.88.9D.E5.A7.8B.E5.8C.96" title="c/language/initialization">显式初始化</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="initialization.html#.E9.9A.90.E5.BC.8F.E5.88.9D.E5.A7.8B.E5.8C.96" title="c/language/initialization">隐式初始化</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="initialization.html#.E9.9B.B6.E5.88.9D.E5.A7.8B.E5.8C.96" title="c/language/initialization">零初始化</a></td></tr>
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<p>对象<a href="declarations.html" title="c/language/declarations">声明</a>可以通过名为<i>初始化</i>的步骤提供其初始值。
</p><p>对于每个<a href="declarations.html" title="c/language/declarations">声明器</a>，若不省略初始化器，则它可以是下列之一：
</p>
<table class="t-sdsc-begin">

<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <code><b>=</b></code> <span class="t-spar">表达式</span>
</td>
<td> (1)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>



<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <code><b>=</b></code> <code><b>{</b></code> <span class="t-spar">初始化器列表</span> <code><b>}</b></code>
</td>
<td> (2)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>



<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr></table>
<p>其中 <span class="t-spar">初始化器列表</span> 是非空的逗号分隔 <span class="t-spar">初始化器</span> 列表（尾逗号可选），这里每个初始化器拥有三种可能形式之一：
</p>
<table class="t-sdsc-begin">

<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <span class="t-spar">表达式</span>
</td>
<td> (1)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>



<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <code><b>{</b></code> <span class="t-spar">初始化器列表</span> <code><b>}</b></code>
</td>
<td> (2)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>



<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <span class="t-spar">指派符列表</span> <code><b>=</b></code> <span class="t-spar">初始化器</span>
</td>
<td> (3)
</td>
<td> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c99">(C99 起)</span>
</td></tr>



<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr></table>
 <table class="t-rev-begin">
<tr class="t-rev t-since-c99"><td>
<p>其中 <span class="t-spar">指派符列表</span> 是形式为 <code><b>[</b></code> <span class="t-spar">常量表达式</span> <code><b>]</b></code> 的数组指派符列表，或形式为 <code><b>.</b></code> <span class="t-spar">标识符</span> 的结构体/联合体指派符列表；见<a href="array_initialization.html" title="c/language/array initialization">数组初始化</a>及<a href="struct_initialization.html" title="c/language/struct initialization">结构体初始化</a>。
</p><p>注意：除了初始化器，花括号环绕的 <span class="t-spar">初始化器列表</span> 亦可出现于<a href="compound_literal.html" title="c/language/compound literal">复合字面量</a>中，它是有下列形式的表达式：
</p>
<table class="t-sdsc-begin">

<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad"> <code><b>(</b></code> <span class="t-spar">类型</span> <code><b>)</b></code> <code><b>{</b></code> <span class="t-spar">初始化器列表</span> <code><b>}</b></code>
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>



<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr></table>
</td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c99">(C99 起)</span></td></tr>
</table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E8.A7.A3.E9.87.8A">解释</span></h3>
<p>初始化器指定存储于一个对象中的初始值。
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id=".E6.98.BE.E5.BC.8F.E5.88.9D.E5.A7.8B.E5.8C.96">显式初始化</span></h4>
<p>若提供了初始化器，对于
</p>
<ul><li> 标量类型初始化，见<a href="scalar_initialization.html" title="c/language/scalar initialization">标量初始化</a>。
</li><li> 数组类型初始化，见<a href="array_initialization.html" title="c/language/array initialization">数组初始化</a>。
</li><li> 结构体及联合体类型初始化，见<a href="struct_initialization.html" title="c/language/struct initialization">结构体初始化</a>。
</li></ul>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id=".E9.9A.90.E5.BC.8F.E5.88.9D.E5.A7.8B.E5.8C.96">隐式初始化</span></h4>
<p>若未提供初始化器：
</p>
<ul><li> 拥有自动<a href="storage_duration.html" title="c/language/storage duration">存储期</a>的对象将被初始化为不确定值（可能是<a href="object.html" title="c/language/object">陷阱表示</a>）
</li><li> 拥有静态及线程局域<a href="storage_duration.html" title="c/language/storage duration">存储期</a>的对象被零初始化。
</li></ul>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id=".E9.9B.B6.E5.88.9D.E5.A7.8B.E5.8C.96">零初始化</span></h4>
<p>一些情况下，若未显式初始化对象，则零初始化它，即：
</p>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 指针被初始化成其类型的空指针值
</li><li> 整数类型对象被初始化成无符号的零
</li><li> 浮点类型对象被初始化成正零
</li><li> 数组的所有元素、结构体的所有成员及联合体的首个成员递归地零初始化，外加初始化所有填充位为零
</li></ul>
</dd><dd>（在空指针值和浮点零拥有全零位表示的平台上，静态对象的这种初始化形式普遍以将其分配到程序映像的 .bss 段实现）
</dd></dl>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E6.B3.A8.E8.A7.A3">注解</span></h3>
<p>在初始化静态或线程局域<a href="storage_duration.html" title="c/language/storage duration">存储期</a>的对象时，每个初始化器中的 <span class="t-spar">表达式</span> 都必须是<a href="constant_expression.html" title="c/language/constant expression">常量表达式</a>或<a href="string_literal.html" title="c/language/string literal">字符串字面量</a>。
</p><p>初始化器不能用于不完整类型的对象、 VLA 及拥有链接的块作用域对象。
</p><p>函数形参的初值如同用从<a href="operator_other.html#.E5.87.BD.E6.95.B0.E8.B0.83.E7.94.A8" title="c/language/operator other">函数调用</a>实参赋值，而非初始化一样建立。
</p><p>若将不确定值用于任何标准库调用的参数，则行为未定义。另外，任意牵涉到不确定值的表达式的值是不确定值（例如 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="kw4">int</span> n<span class="sy4">;</span></span></span> ， <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c">n</span></span> 可能与自身比较不相等，并且它在后续读取中的值可能出现更改）。
</p><p>C 标准不使用术语<i>零初始化</i>。该术语采纳自 <a href="../../cpp/language/zero_initialization.html" title="cpp/language/zero initialization">C++</a> ，并为方便解释而用于此。
</p><p>C 中无对应 C++ 中<a href="../../cpp/language/value_initialization.html" title="cpp/language/value initialization">值初始化</a>的特殊构造，然而能用 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="br0">{</span><span class="nu0">0</span><span class="br0">}</span></span></span> <span class="t-rev-inl t-since-c99"><span>（或复合字面量中的 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="br0">(</span>T<span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">{</span><span class="nu0">0</span><span class="br0">}</span></span></span> ）</span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c99">(C99 起)</span></span></span>代替，因为 C 标准不允许空结构体、空联合体或零长度数组。
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E7.A4.BA.E4.BE.8B">示例</span></h3>
<div class="t-example"><div class="t-example-live-link"><div class="coliru-btn coliru-btn-run-init">运行此代码</div></div>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="co2">#include &lt;stdlib.h&gt;</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> a<span class="br0">[</span><span class="nu0">2</span><span class="br0">]</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">//初始化a为{0, 0}</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">void</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
    <span class="kw4">int</span> i<span class="sy4">;</span>          <span class="co1">// 初始化 i 为不确定值</span>
    <span class="kw4">static</span> <span class="kw4">int</span> j<span class="sy4">;</span>   <span class="co1">// 初始化 j 为 0</span>
    <span class="kw4">int</span> k <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">1</span><span class="sy4">;</span>      <span class="co1">// 初始化 k 为 1</span>
 
    <span class="co1">// 初始化 int x[3] 为 1,3,5</span>
    <span class="co1">// 初始化 int* p 为 &amp;x[0]</span>
    <span class="kw4">int</span> x<span class="br0">[</span><span class="br0">]</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="nu0">1</span>, <span class="nu0">3</span>, <span class="nu0">5</span> <span class="br0">}</span>, <span class="sy2">*</span>p <span class="sy1">=</span> x<span class="sy4">;</span>
 
    <span class="co1">// 初始化 w （二个结构体的数组）为</span>
    <span class="co1">// { { {1,0,0}, 0}, { {2,0,0}, 0} }</span>
    <span class="kw1">struct</span> <span class="br0">{</span><span class="kw4">int</span> a<span class="br0">[</span><span class="nu0">3</span><span class="br0">]</span>, b<span class="sy4">;</span><span class="br0">}</span> w<span class="br0">[</span><span class="br0">]</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="br0">{</span><span class="br0">[</span><span class="nu0">0</span><span class="br0">]</span>.<span class="me1">a</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="br0">{</span><span class="nu0">1</span><span class="br0">}</span>, <span class="br0">[</span><span class="nu0">1</span><span class="br0">]</span>.<span class="me1">a</span><span class="br0">[</span><span class="nu0">0</span><span class="br0">]</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">2</span><span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
    <span class="co1">// 函数调用表达式可用于局部变量初始化</span>
    <span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span> ptr <span class="sy1">=</span> <a href="../memory/malloc.html"><span class="kw403">malloc</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="nu0">10</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
    <a href="../memory/free.html"><span class="kw406">free</span></a><span class="br0">(</span>ptr<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
<span class="co1">//  错误：拥有静态存储期的对象要求常量初始化器</span>
<span class="co1">//  static char* ptr = malloc(10);</span>
 
<span class="co1">//  错误：不能初始化 VLA</span>
<span class="co1">//  int vla[n] = {0};</span>
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div></div>
</div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E5.BC.95.E7.94.A8">引用</span></h3>
<div class="t-ref-std-11">
<ul><li> C11 标准（ISO/IEC 9899:2011）：
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 6.7.9 Initialization (p: 139-144)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<div class="t-ref-std-c99">
<ul><li> C99 标准（ISO/IEC 9899:1999）：
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 6.7.8 Initialization (p: 125-130)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<div class="t-ref-std-c89">
<ul><li> C89/C90 标准（ISO/IEC 9899:1990）： 
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 3.5.7 Initialization 
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E5.8F.82.E9.98.85">参阅</span></h3>
<table class="t-dsc-begin">

</table></div>
</div>

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